Covid-19: D/deaf healthcare workers faced “widespread, systemic discrimination” during pandemic, study finds

Single-cell activity was recorded in the locus coeruleus (LC) of morphine-dependent, halothane-anesthetized rats. Systemic administration opiate antagonist naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) robustly increased LC neurons. Local microinjection or its hydrophilic derivative, methiodide, into (10 mM, 20-40 nl) did not activate neurons dependent Intracerebroventricular intracoerulear injection kynurenate, a broad-spectrum excitatory amino acids (EAAs), substantially but incompletely attenuated activation cells induced by intravenous naloxone-precipitated withdrawal (more than 50% blockade). Intracoerulear microinjections non-NMDA-receptor 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) selective NMDA-receptor AP5 significantly reduced withdrawal-induced excitation. least effective among all antagonists tested. Similar kynurenate CNQX almost completely suppressed excitation electrical stimulation rear footpad. responses to footpad (mediated endogenous EAAs) iontophoretically applied glutamate were modified chronic morphine treatment. These results indicate that substantial part hyperactivity during is mediated an augmented EAA input LC.